The term "Anglo-Saxon" refers to the Germanic peoples who settled in England between the 5th and 11th centuries, forming the foundation of early English culture, language, and governance. The term itself is a combination of two major tribal groups: the Angles and the Saxons, who migrated from what is now Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Over time, the Anglo-Saxons established several kingdoms in England, laying the groundwork for the English language and the medieval English state.
The word "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from:
- Angles (Latin: Angli) – A Germanic tribe originally from the Angeln region in modern-day northern Germany and southern Denmark. Their name likely comes from the Old English word "angul" (meaning "hook"), possibly referring to the shape of their homeland.
- Saxons (Latin: Saxones) – Another Germanic tribe, primarily from northern Germany. Their name is believed to be derived from "seax", a type of short sword or dagger they commonly used.
The term Anglo-Saxon was first used by medieval chroniclers to distinguish the Saxons of England (Anglo-Saxons) from the Saxons who remained in continental Europe (modern-day Germany). It became more widely used in the 8th and 9th centuries, especially by Latin writers such as Bede the Venerable.
The Anglo-Saxons arrived in Britain following the decline of the Roman Empire in the early 5th century. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in 410 AD, the native Britons were left vulnerable to raids from Picts, Scots, and Germanic invaders. The Anglo-Saxons initially came as mercenaries to help defend Britain, but they soon began to settle permanently, gradually pushing the native Britons westward into Wales and Cornwall.
By the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons had established multiple kingdoms in England, including Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia. These kingdoms formed the basis of early medieval English society, influencing language, law, and culture.
The Anglo-Saxon period lasted until 1066, when the Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror ended Anglo-Saxon rule in England. However, their legacy remained deeply embedded in English language, law, and traditions, shaping the course of British history.
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